材料科学与工程基础=Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering：原书第4版|时代教育.国外高校优秀教材精选|史密斯|机械工业出版社

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材料科学与工程基础=Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering：原书第4版

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作者：史密斯	出版社：机械工业出版社
译者：	丛书名：时代教育.国外高校优秀教材精选
出版日期：2006-6-1	上架日期：2006-6-20 15:45:00
ISBN：7111177215/TG	页数：1020 版次：1-1
开本：	装帧：平

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本书可作为材料科学与工程专业教材，也可作为机械、动力类专业相应课程的教学参考书；对材料工程师和科技人员，也是一本有用的工具书。

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Preface
Cha89
2.3.3  Electronic Structure of Multielectron Atoms    35
2.3.4  Electronic Structure and Chemical Reactivity    39
2.4	Types of Atomic and Molecular 
Bonds    41
2.4.1  Primary Atomic Bonds    42
2.4.2  Secondary Atomic and Molecular 
Bonds    42
2.5	Ionic Bonding    42
2.5.1  Ionic Bonding in General    42
2.5.2  Interionic Forces for an Ion Pair    43
2.5.3  Interionic Energies for an Ion Pair    46
2.5.4  Ion Arrangements in Ionic Solids    47
2.5.5  Bonding Energies of Ionic Solids    48
2.6	Covalent Bonding    49
2.6.1  Covalent Bonding in the Hydrogen Molecule    49
2.6.2  Covalent Bonding in Other Diatomic Molecules    50
2.6.3  Covalent Bonding by Carbon    51
2.6.4  Covalent Bonding in Carbon-Containing Molecules    53
2.6.5  Benzene    53
2.7	Metallic Bonding    55
2.8	Secondary Bonding    59
2.8.1  Fluctuating Dipoles    60
2.8.2  Permanent Dipoles    61
2.9	Mixed Bonding    62
2.9.1  Ionic-Covalent Mixed Bonding    62
2.9.2  Metallic-Covalent Mixed Bonding    63
2.9.3  Metallic-Ionic Mixed Bonding    64
2.10	Summary    64
2.11	Definitions    65
2.12	Problems    66
2.13	Materials Selection and Design 
Problems    70
Chapter 3
Crystal and Amorphous 
Structure in Materials    72
3.1	The Space Lattice and Unit Cells    73
3.2	Crystal Systems and Bravais 
Lattices    74
3.3	Principal Metallic Crystal 
Structures    75
3.3.1  Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) Crystal Structure    77
3.3.2  Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) Crystal Structure    80
3.3.3  Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP) Crystal Structure    81
3.4	Atom Positions in Cubic Unit Cells    83
3.5	Directions in Cubic Unit Cells    84
3.6	Miller Indices for Crystallographic Planes in Cubic Unit Cells    88
3.7	Crystallographic Planes and Directions in Hexagonal Crystal Structure    93
3.7.1  Indices for Crystal Planes in HCP Unit Cells    93
3.7.2  Direction Indices in HCP Unit 
Cells    94
3.8	Comparison of FCC, HCP, and BCC Crystal Structures    96
3.8.1  FCC and HCP Crystal Structures    96
3.8.2  BCC Crystal Structure    98
3.9	Volume, Planar, and Linear Density Unit-Cell Calculations    98
3.9.1  Volume Density    98
3.9.2  Planar Atomic Density    99
3.9.3  Linear Atomic Density    101
3.10	Polymorphism or Allotropy    102
3.11	Crystal Structure Analysis    103
3.11.1  X-Ray Sources    104
3.11.2  X-Ray Diffraction    105
3.11.3  X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Crystal Structures    107
3.12	Amorphous Materials    113
3.13	Summary    114
3.14	Definitions    115
3.15	Problems    116
3.16	Materials Selection and Design 
Problems    122
Chapter 4
Solidification and Crystalline Imperfections    124
4.1	Solidification of Metals    125
4.1.1  The Formation of Stable Nuclei in Liquid Metals    127
4.1.2  Growth of Crystals in Liquid Metal and Formation of a Grain Structure    132
4.1.3  Grain Structure of Industrial 
Castings    133
4.2	Solidification of Single Crystals    134
4.3	Metallic Solid Solutions    138
4.3.1  Substitutional Solid Solutions    139
4.3.2  Interstitial Solid Solutions    141
4.4	Crystalline Imperfections    143
4.4.1  Point Defects    143
4.4.2  Line Defects (Dislocations)    144
4.4.3  Planar Defects    147
4.4.4  Volume Defects    150
4.5	Experimental Techniques for Identification of Microstructure and Defects    151
4.5.1  Optical Metallography, ASTM Grain Size, and Grain Diameter Determination    151
4.5.2  Scanning Electron Microscopy 
(SEM)    156
4.5.3  Transmission Electron Microscopy 
(TEM)    158
4.5.4  High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM)    159
4.5.5  Scanning Probe Microscopes and Atomic Resolution    161
4.6	Summary    166
4.7	Definitions    166
4.8	Problems    168
4.9	Materials Selection and Design 
Problems    170
Chapter 5
Thermally Activated Processes and Diffusion in Solids    172
5.1	Rate Processes in Solids    173
5.2	Atomic Diffusion in Solids    177
5.2.1  Diffusion in Solids in General    177
5.2.2  Diffusion Mechanisms    177
5.2.3  Steady-State Diffusion    180
5.2.4  Non-Steady-State Diffusion    182
5.3	Industrial Applications of Diffusion Processes    184
5.3.1  Case Hardening of Steel by Gas Carburizing    184
5.3.2  Impurity Diffusion into Silicon Wafers for Integrated Circuits    188
5.4	Effect of Temperature on Diffusion in 
Solids    191
5.5	Summary    195
5.6	Definitions    195
5.7	Problems    196
5.8	Materials Selection and Design 
Problems    198
Chapter 6
Mechanical Properties of 
Metals I    200
6.1	The Processing of Metals and Alloys    201
6.1.1  The Casting of Metals and Alloys    201
6.1.2  Hot and Cold Rolling of Metals and 
Alloys    203
6.1.3  Extrusion of Metals and Alloys    208
6.1.4  Forging    209
6.1.5  Other Metal-Forming Processes    211
6.2	Stress and Strain in Metals    212
6.2.1  Elastic and Plastic Deformation    213
6.2.2  Engineering Stress and Engineering 
Strain    213
6.2.3  Poisson?s Ratio    216
6.2.4  Shear Stress and Shear Strain    216
6.3	The Tensile Test and the Engineering Stress-Strain Diagram    217
6.3.1  Mechanical Property Data Obtained from the Tensile Test and the Engineering Stress-Strain Diagram    220
6.3.2  Comparison of Engineering Stress-Strain Curves for Selected Alloys    225
6.3.3  True Stress and True Strain    225
6.4	Hardness and Hardness Testing    227
6.5	Plastic Deformation of Metal Single Crystals    229
6.5.1  Slipbands and Slip Lines on the Surface of Metal Crystals    229
6.5.2  Plastic Deformation in Metal Crystals by the Slip Mechanism    232
6.5.3  Slip Systems    234
6.5.4  Critical Resolved Shear Stress for Metal Single Crystals    235
6.5.5  Schmid?s Law    237
6.5.6  Twinning    240
6.6	Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Metals    242
6.6.1  Effect of Grain Boundaries on the Strength of Metals    242
6.6.2  Effect of Plastic Deformation on 
Grain Shape and Dislocation Arrangements    244
6.6.3  Effect of Cold Plastic Deformation on Increasing the Strength of Metals    246
6.7	Solid-Solution Strengthening of Metals    247
6.8	Recovery and Recrystallization of Plastically Deformed Metals    249
6.8.1  Structure of a Heavily Cold-Worked Metal before Reheating    250
6.8.2  Recovery    251
6.8.3  Recrystallization    252
6.9	Superplasticity in Metals    257
6.10	Nanocrystalline Metals    259
6.11	Summary    261
6.12	Definitions    262
6.13	Problems    263
6.14	Materials Selection and Design 
Problems    268
Chapter 7
Mechanical Properties of 
Metals II    270
7.1	Fracture of Metals    271
7.1.1  Ductile Fracture    272
7.1.2  Brittle Fracture    273
7.1.3  Toughness and Impact Testing    276
7.1.4  Ductile to Brittle Transition 
Temperature    276
7.1.5  Fracture Toughness    279
7.2	Fatigue of Metals    281
7.2.1  Cyclic Stresses    285
7.2.2  Basic Structural Changes that Occur in a Ductile Metal in the Fatigue 
Process    286
7.2.3  Some Major Factors that Affect the Fatigue Strength of a Metal    287
7.3	Fatigue Crack Propagation Rate    288
7.3.1  Correlation of Fatigue Crack 
Propagation with Stress and Crack 
Length    288
7.3.2  Fatigue Crack Growth Rate versus Stress-Intensity Factor Range Plots    290
7.3.3  Fatigue Life Calculations    292
7.4	Creep and Stress Rupture of Metals    294
7.4.1  Creep of Metals    294
7.4.2  The Creep Test    296
7.4.3  Creep-Rupture Test    297
7.5	Graphical representation of Creep- and Stress-Rupture Time-Temperature Data Using the Larsen-Miller Parameter    298
7.6	A Case Study in Failure of Metallic Components    300
7.7	Recent Advances and Future Directions in Improving the Mechanical Performance of Metals    303
7.7.1  Improving Ductility and Strength Simultaneously    303
7.7.2  Fatigue Behavior in Nanocrystalline Metals    305
7.8	Summary    305
7.9	Definitions    306
7.10	Problems    307
7.11	Materials Selection and Design 
Problems    309
Chapter 8
Phase Diagrams    310
8.1	Phase Diagrams of Pure Substances    311
8.2	Gibbs Phase Rule    313
8.3	Cooling Curves    314
8.4	Binary Isomorphous Alloy Systems    315
8.5	The Lever Rule    318
8.6	Nonequilibrium Solidification of Alloys    322
8.7	Binary Eutectic Alloy Systems    326
8.8	Binary Peritectic Alloy Systems    333
8.9	Binary Monotectic Systems    338
8.10	Invariant Reactions    339
8.11	Phase Diagrams with Intermediate Phases and Compounds    341
8.12	Ternary Phase Diagrams    345
8.13	Summary    348
8.14	Definitions    349
8.15	Problems    351
8.16	Materials Selection and Design 
Problems    355
Chapter 9
Engineering Alloys    358
9.1	Production of Iron and Steel    360
9.1.1  Production of Pig Iron in a Blast 
Furnace    360
9.1.2  Steelmaking and Processing of Major Steel Product Forms    361
9.2	The Iron-Iron-Carbide System    363
9.2.1  The Iron-Iron-Carbide Phase 
Diagram    363
9.2.2  Solid Phases in the Fe-Fe3C Phase Diagram    363
9.2.3  Invariant Reactions in the Fe-Fe3C Phase Diagram    364
9.2.4  Slow Cooling of Plain-Carbon Steels    366
9.3	Heat Treatment of Plain-Carbon 
Steels    373
9.3.1  Martensite    373
9.3.2  Isothermal Decomposition of 
Austenite    378
9.3.3  Continuous-Cooling Transformation Diagram for a Eutectoid Plain-Carbon Steel    383
9.3.4  Annealing and Normalizing of Plain-Carbon Steels    386
9.3.5  Tempering of Plain-Carbon Steels    387
9.3.6  Classification of Plain-Carbon Steels and Typical Mechanical Properties    391
9.4	Low-Alloy Steels    392
9.4.1  Classification of Alloy Steels    392
9.4.2  Distribution of Alloying Elements in Alloy Steels    394
9.4.3  Effects of Alloying Elements on the Eutectoid Temperature of Steels    395
9.4.4  Hardenability    396
9.4.5  Typical Mechanical Properties and Applications for Low-Alloy Steels    401
9.5	Aluminum Alloys    401
9.5.1  Precipitation Strengthening 
(Hardening)    403
9.5.2  General Properties of Aluminum and Its Production    410
9.5.3  Wrought Aluminum Alloys    411
9.5.4  Aluminum Casting Alloys    416
9.6	Copper Alloys    418
9.6.1  General Properties of Copper    418
9.6.2  Production of Copper    419
9.6.3  Classification of Copper Alloys    419
9.6.4  Wrought Copper Alloys    422
9.7	Stainless Steels    424
9.7.1  Ferritic Stainless Steels    424
9.7.2  Martensitic Stainless Steels    425
9.7.3  Austenitic Stainless Steels    427
9.8	Cast Irons    429
9.8.1  General Properties    429
9.8.2  Types of Cast Irons    429
9.8.3  White Cast Iron    429
9.8.4  Gray Cast Iron    431
9.8.5  Ductile Cast Irons    432
9.8.6  Malleable Cast Irons    435
9.9	Magnesium, Titanium, and Nickel 
Alloys    436
9.9.1  Magnesium Alloys    436
9.9.2  Titanium Alloys    438
9.9.3  Nickel Alloys    440
9.10	Special-Purpose Alloys and 
Applications    441
9.10.1  Intermetallics    441
9.10.2  Shape-Memory Alloys    442
9.10.3  Amorphous Metals    446
9.11	Metals in Biomedical Applications?Biometals    448
9.11.1  Stainless Steels    449
9.11.2  Cobalt-Based Alloys    449
9.11.3  Titanium Alloys    451
9.12	Some Issues in the Orthopedic Application of Metals    452
9.13	Summary    454
9.14	Definitions    455
9.15	Problems    457
9.16	Materials Selection and Design 
Problems    465
Chapter 10
Polymeric Materials    468
10.1	Introduction    469
10.2	Polymerization Reactions    471
10.2.1  Covalent Bonding Structure of an Ethylene Molecule    471
10.2.2  Covalent Bonding Structure of an Activated Ethylene Molecule    472
10.2.3  General Reaction for the Polymerization of Polyethylene and the Degree of Polymerization    473
10.2.4  Chain Polymerization Steps    473
10.2.5  Average Molecular Weight for Thermoplastics    475
10.2.6  Functionality of a Monomer    476
10.2.7  Structure of Noncrystalline Linear Polymers    476
10.2.8  Vinyl and Vinylidene Polymers    478
10.2.9  Homopolymers and Copolymers    479
10.2.10  Other Methods of Polymerization    482
10.3	Industrial Polymerization Methods    484
10.4	Crystallinity and Stereoisomerism in Some Thermoplastics    486
10.4.1  Solidification of Noncrystalline Thermoplastics    486
10.4.2  Solidification of Partly Crystalline Thermoplastics    486
10.4.3  Structure of Partly Crystalline Thermoplastic Materials    488
10.4.4  Stereoisomerism in Thermoplastics    489
10.4.5  Ziegler and Natta Catalysts    490
10.5	Processing of Plastic Materials    491
10.5.1  Processes Used for Thermoplastic Materials    492
10.5.2  Processes Used for Thermosetting Materials    496
10.6	General-Purpose Thermoplastics    498
10.6.1  Polyethylene    500
10.6.2  Polyvinyl Chloride and Copolymers    503
10.6.3  Polypropylene    505
10.6.4  Polystyrene    505
10.6.5  Polyacrylonitrile    506
10.6.6  Styrene-Acrylonitrile (SAN)    507
10.6.7  ABS    507
10.6.8  Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA)    509
10.6.9  Fluoroplastics    510
10.7	Engineering Thermoplastics    511
10.7.1  Polyamides (Nylons)    512
10.7.2  Polycarbonate    515
10.7.3  Phenylene Oxide-Based Resins    516
10.7.4  Acetals    517
10.7.5  Thermoplastic Polyesters    518
10.7.6  Polyphenylene Sulfide    519
10.7.7  Polyetherimide    520
10.7.8  Polymer Alloys    521
10.8	Thermosetting Plastics (Thermosets)    521
10.8.1  Phenolics    523
10.8.2  Epoxy Resins    525
10.8.3  Unsaturated Polyesters    527
10.8.4  Amino Resins (Ureas and 
Melamines)    529
10.9	Elastomers (Rubbers)    531
10.9.1  Natural Rubber    531
10.9.2  Synthetic Rubbers    534
10.9.3  Properties of Polychloroprene 
Elastomers    536
10.9.4  Vulcanization of Polychloroprene Elastomers    536
10.10	Deformation and Strengthening of Plastic Materials    539
10.10.1  Deformation Mechanisms for Thermoplastics    539
10.10.2  Strengthening of Thermoplastics    541
10.10.3  Strengthening of Thermosetting 
Plastics    545
10.10.4  Effect of Temperature on the Strength of Plastic Materials    545
10.11	Creep and Fracture of Polymeric 
Materials    546
10.11.1  Creep of Polymeric Materials    546
10.11.2  Stress Relaxation of Polymeric Materials    547
10.11.3  Fracture of Polymeric 
Materials    550
10.12	Polymers in Biomedical Applications?Biopolymers    552
10.12.1  Cardiovascular Applications of Polymers    553
10.12.2  Ophthalmic Applications    554
10.12.3  Drug-Delivery Systems    555
10.12.4  Suture Materials    556
10.12.5  Orthopedic Applications    556
10.13	Summary    557
10.14	Definitions    558
10.15	Problems    560
10.16	Materials Selection and Design 
Problems    570
Chapter 11
Ceramics    572
11.1	Introduction    573
11.2	Simple Ceramic Crystal 
Structures    575
11.2.1  Ionic and Covalent Bonding in Simple Ceramic Compounds    575
11.2.2  Simple Ionic Arrangements Found in Ionically Bonded Solids    576
11.2.3  Cesium Chloride (CsCl) Crystal Structure    579
11.2.4  Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Crystal Structure    580
11.2.5  Interstitial Sites in FCC and HCP Crystal Lattices    584
11.2.6  Zinc Blende (ZnS) Crystal 
Structure    586
11.2.7  Calcium Fluoride (CaF2) Crystal Structure    588
11.2.8  Antifluorite Crystal Structure    590
11.2.9  Corundum (Al2O3) Crystal 
Structure    590
11.2.10  Spinel (MgAl2O4) Crystal 
Structure    590
11.2.11  Perovskite (CaTiO3) Crystal 
Structure    590
11.2.12  Carbon and Its Allotropes    591
11.3	Silicate Structures    595
11.3.1  Basic Structural Unit of the Silicate Structures    595
11.3.2  Island, Chain, and Ring Structures of Silicates    595
11.3.3  Sheet Structures of Silicates    595
11.3.4  Silicate Networks    597
11.4	Processing of Ceramics    598
11.4.1  Materials Preparation    599
11.4.2  Forming    599
11.4.3  Thermal Treatments    604
11.5	Traditional and Engineering 
Ceramics    606
11.5.1  Traditional Ceramics    606
11.5.2  Engineering Ceramics    609
11.6	Mechanical Properties of Ceramics    611
11.6.1  General    611
11.6.2  Mechanisms for the Deformation of Ceramic Materials    611
11.6.3  Factors Affecting the Strength of Ceramic Materials    612
11.6.4  Toughness of Ceramic Materials    613
11.6.5  Transformation Toughening of Partially Stabilized Zirconia (PSZ)    615
11.6.6  Fatigue Failure of Ceramics    615
11.6.7  Ceramic Abrasive Materials    617
11.7	Thermal Properties of Ceramics    618
11.7.1  Ceramic Refractory Materials    619
11.7.2  Acidic Refractories    620
11.7.3  Basic Refractories    620
11.7.4  Ceramic Tile Insulation for the Space Shuttle Orbiter    620
11.8	Glasses    620
11.8.1  Definition of a Glass    622
11.8.2  Glass Transition Temperature    622
11.8.3  Structure of Glasses    623
11.8.4  Composition of Glasses    624
11.8.5  Viscous Deformation of Glasses    626
11.8.6  Forming Methods for Glasses    628
11.8.7  Tempered Glass    630
11.8.8  Chemically Strengthened Glass    630
11.9	Ceramic Coatings and Surface 
Engineering    632
11.9.1  Silicate Glasses    632
11.9.2  Oxides and Carbides    632
11.10	Ceramics in Biomedical Applications    634
11.10.1  Alumina in Orthopedic 
Implants    634
11.10.2  Alumina in Dental Implants    636
11.10.3  Ceramic Implants and Tissue Connectivity    636
11.11	Nanotechnology and Ceramics    637
11.12	Summary    639
11.13	Definitions    640
11.14	Problems    642
11.15	Materials Selection and Design 
Problems    646
Chapter 12
Composite Materials    648
12.1	Introduction    649
12.2	Fibers for Reinforced-Plastic Composite Materials    651
12.2.1  Glass Fibers for Reinforcing Plastic Resins    651
12.2.2  Carbon Fibers for Reinforced 
Plastics    653
12.2.3  Aramid Fibers for Reinforcing Plastic Resins    654
12.2.4  Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Carbon, Aramid, and Glass Fibers for Reinforced-Plastic Composite Materials    655
12.3	Fiber-Reinforced-Plastic Composite Materials    657
12.3.1  Matrix Materials for Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Composite Materials    657
12.3.2  Fiber-Reinforced-Plastic Composite Materials    658
12.3.3  Equations for Elastic Modulus of a Lamellar Continuous-Fiber-Plastic Matrix Composite for Isostrain and Isostress Conditions    662
12.4	Open-Mold Processes for Fiber-Reinforced-Plastic Composite Materials    667
12.4.1  Hand Lay-Up Process    667
12.4.2  Spray-Up Process    667
12.4.3  Vacuum Bag-Autoclave Process    668
12.4.4  Filament-Winding Process    670
12.5	Closed-Mold Processes for Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Composite Materials    672
12.5.1  Compression and Injection Molding    672
12.5.2  The Sheet-Molding Compound (SMC) Process    672
12.5.3  Continuous-Prorusion Process    674
12.6	Concrete    674
12.6.1  Portland Cement    675
12.6.2  Mixing Water for Concrete    678
12.6.3  Aggregates for Concrete    679
12.6.4  Air Entrainment    679
12.6.5  Compressive Strength of Concrete    679
12.6.6  Proportioning of Concrete Mixtures    679
12.6.7  Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete    682
12.6.8  Prestressed Concrete    683
12.7	Sandwich Structures    684
12.7.1  Honeycomb Sandwich Structure    684
12.7.2  Cladded Metal Structures    685
12.8	Metal-Matrix and Ceramic-Matrix Composites    685
12.18.1  Metal-Matrix Composites (MMCs)    685
12.8.2  Ceramic-Matrix Composites 
(CMCs)    689
12.8.3  Ceramic Composites and Nanotechnology    692
12.9	Bone: A Natural Composite Material    692
12.9.1  Composition    692
12.9.2  Macrostructure    692
12.9.3  Mechanical Properties    694
12.9.4  Biomechanics of Bone Fracture    695
12.9.5  Viscoelasticity of the Bone    696
12.9.6  Bone Remodeling    696
12.9.7  Nanotechnology and Bone Repair    697
12.10	Summary    697
12.11	Definitions    698
12.12	Problems    700
12.13	Materials Selection and Design 
Problems    704
Chapter 13
Corrosion    706
13.1	General    707
13.2	Electrochemical Corrosion of Metals    708
13.2.1  Oxidation-Reduction Reactions    708
13.2.2  Standard Electrode Half-Cell Potentials for Metals    710
13.3	Galvanic Cells    712
13.3.1  Macroscopic Galvanic Cells with Electrolytes That Are One Molar    712
13.3.2  Galvanic Cells with Electrolytes That Are Not One Molar    714
13.3.3  Galvanic Cells with Acid or Alkaline Electrolytes with No Metal Ions 
Present    715
13.3.4  Microscopic Galvanic Cell Corrosion of Single Electrodes    717
13.3.5  Concentration Galvanic Cells    718
13.3.6  Galvanic Cells Created by Differences in Composition, Structure, and Stress    721
13.4	Corrosion Rates (Kinetics)    723
13.4.1  Rate of Uniform Corrosion or Electroplating of a Metal in an Aqueous Solution    724
13.4.2  Corrosion Reactions and Polarization    727
13.4.3  Passivation    730
13.4.4  The Galvanic Series    731
13.5	Types of Corrosion    733
13.5.1  Uniform or General Attack Corrosion    733
13.5.2  Galvanic or Two-Metal Corrosion    733
13.5.3  Pitting Corrosion    734
13.5.4  Crevice Corrosion    737
13.5.5  Intergranular Corrosion    739
13.5.6  Stress Corrosion    741
13.5.7  Erosion Corrosion    744
13.5.8  Cavitation Damage    744
13.5.9  Fretting Corrosion    745
13.5.10  Selective Leaching    745
13.5.11  Hydrogen Damage    746
13.6	Oxidation of Metals    747
13.6.1  Protective Oxide Films    747
13.6.2  Mechanisms of Oxidation    749
13.6.3  Oxidation Rates (Kinetics)    750
13.7	Corrosion Control    752
13.7.1  Materials Selection    752
13.7.2  Coatings    753
13.7.3  Design    754
13.7.4  Alteration of Environment    755
13.7.5  Cathodic and Anodic Protection    756
13.8	Summary    758
13.9	Definitions    758
13.10	Problems    759
13.11	Materials Selection and Design 
Problems    764
Chapter 14
Electrical Properties of 
Materials    766
14.1	Electrical Conduction in Metals    767
14.1.1  The Classical Model for Electrical Conduction in Metals    767
14.1.2  Ohm?s Law    769
14.1.3  Drift Velocity of Electrons in a Conducting Metal    773
14.1.4  Electrical Resistivity of Metals    774
14.2	Energy-Band Model for Electrical 
Conduction    778
14.2.1  Energy-Band Model for Metals    778
14.2.2  Energy-Band Model for Insulators    780
14.3	Intrinsic Semiconductors    780
14.3.1  The Mechanism of Electrical Conduction in Intrinsic Semiconductors    780
14.3.2  Electrical Charge Transport in the Crystal Lattice of Pure Silicon    781
14.3.3  Energy-Band Diagram for Intrinsic Elemental Semiconductors    782
14.3.4  Quantitative Relationships for Electrical Conduction in Elemental Intrinsic Semiconductors    783
14.3.5  Effect of Temperature on Intrinsic Semiconductivity    785
14.4	Extrinsic Semiconductors    787
14.4.1  n-Type (Negative-Type) Extrinsic Semiconductors    787
14.4.2  p-Type (Positive-Type) Extrinsic Semiconductors    789
14.4.3  Doping of Extrinsic Silicon Semiconductor Material    791
14.4.4  Effect of Doping on Carrier Concentrations in Extrinsic Semiconductors  791
14.4.5  Effect of Total Ionized Impurity Concentration on the Mobility of Charge Carriers in Silicon at Room Temperature    794
14.4.6  Effect of Temperature on the Electrical Conductivity of Extrinsic 
Semiconductors    795
14.5	Semiconductor Devices    797
14.5.1  The pn Junction    798
14.5.2  Some Application for pn Junction 
Diodes    801
14.5.3  The Bipolar Junction Transistor    803
14.6	Microelectronics    804
14.6.1  Microelectronic Planar Bipolar Transistors    806
14.6.2  Microelectronic Planar Field-Effect Transistors    807
14.6.3  Fabrication of Microelectronic 
Integrated Circuits    809
14.7	Compound Semiconductors    816
14.8	Electrical Properties of Ceramics    819
14.8.1  Basic Properties of Dielectrics    819
14.8.2  Ceramic Insulator Materials    822
14.8.3  Ceramic Materials for Capacitors    823
14.8.4  Ceramic Semiconductors    824
14.8.5  Ferroelectric Ceramics    826
14.9	Nanoelectronics    829
14.10	Summary    830
14.11	Definitions    831
14.12	Problems    834
14.13	Materials Selection and Design 
Problems    838
Chapter 15
Optical Properties and Superconductive Materials    840
15.1	Introduction    841
15.2	Light and the Electromagnetic 
Spectrum    841
15.3	Refraction of Light    842
15.3.1  Index of refraction    842
15.3.2  Snell?s Law of Light Refraction    845
15.4	Absorption, Transmission, and Reflection of Light    847
15.4.1  Metals    847
15.4.2  Silicate Glasses    847
15.4.3  Plastics    850
15.4.4  Semiconductors    850
15.5	Luminescence    851
15.5.1  Photoluminescence    852
15.5.2  Cathodoluminescence    852
15.6	Stimulated Emission of Radiation and Lasers    854
15.6.1  Types of Lasers    856
15.7	Optical Fibers    858
15.7.1  Light Loss in Optical Fibers    858
15.7.2  Single-Mode and Multimode Optical Fibers    859
15.7.3  Fabrication of Optical Fibers    860
15.7.4  Modern Optical-Fiber Communication Systems    862
15.8	Superconducting Materials    863
15.8.1  The Superconducting State    863
15.8.2  Magnetic Properties of 
Superconductors    864
15.8.3  Current Flow and Magnetic Fields in Superconductors    866
15.8.4  High-Current, High-Field Superconductors    867
15.8.5  High Critical Temperature (Tc) Superconducting Oxides    869
15.9	Definitions    871
15.10	Problems    872
15.11	Materials Selection and Design 
Problems    874
Chapter 16
Magnetic Properties    876
16.1	Introduction    877
16.2	Magnetic Fields and Quantities    877
16.2.1  Magnetic Fields    877
16.2.2  Magnetic Induction    880
16.2.3  Magnetic Permeability    880
16.2.4  Magnetic Susceptibility    882
16.3	Types of Magnetism    882
16.3.1  Diamagnetism    883
16.3.2  Paramagnetism    883
16.3.3  Ferromagnetism    883
16.3.4  Magnetic Moment of a Single Unpaired Atomic Electron    885
16.3.5  Antiferromagnetism    887
16.3.6  Ferrimagnetism    887
16.4	Effect of Temperature on 
Ferromagnetism    887
16.5	Ferromagnetic Domains    888
16.6	Types of Energies That Determine the Structure of Ferromagnetic 
Domains    890
16.6.1  Exchange Energy    890
16.6.2  Magnetostatic Energy    891
16.6.3  Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy 
Energy    891
16.6.4  Domain Wall Energy    892
16.6.5  Magnetostrictive Energy    893
16.7	The Magnetization and Demagnetization of a Ferromagnetic Metal    895
16.8	Soft Magnetic Materials    896
16.8.1  Desirable Properties for Soft Magnetic Materials    897
16.8.2  Energy Losses for Soft Magnetic Materials    897
16.8.3  Iron-Silicon Alloys  898
16.8.4  Metallic Glasses    899
16.8.5  Nickel-Iron Alloys    900
16.9	Hard Magnetic Materials    903
16.9.1  Properties of Hard Magnetic 
Materials    903
16.9.2  Alnico Alloys    905
16.9.3  Rare earth Alloys    907
16.9.4  Neodymium-Iron-Boron Magnetic 
Alloys    909
16.9.5  Iron-Chromium-Cobalt Magnetic 
Alloys    909
16.10	Ferrites    911
16.10.1  Magnetically Soft Ferrites    911
16.10.2  Magnetically Hard Ferrites    916
16.11	Summary    916
16.12	Definitions    917
16.13	Problems    920
16.14	Materials Selection and Design 
Problems    924
Appendix I
Important Properties of 
Selected Engineering Materials    925
Appendix II
Some Properties of Selected Elements    9980
Appendix III
Ionic Radii of the Elements    982
Appendix IV
Selected Physical Quantities and Their Units    9985
References for Further Study by Chapter    987
Glossary    990
Answers    1001
Index    1004

Preface
Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, Fourth Edition is designed for a first course in materials science and engineering for engineering students. Understanding that this might be a student?s first exposure to materials science, the book presents essential topics in a clear, concise manner, without extraneous details to overwhelm newcomers. Industrial examples and photographs used throughout the book give students a look at the many ways material science and engineering are applied in the real world.
New Features of the Fourth Edition
In addition to its already renowned student friendly writing style and applications to industry, the fourth edition offers new features including a thorough coverage of modern materials science topics that prepare students for life outside the classroom. The new sections are:
	New reference to smart materials/devices, MEMs, and nanomaterials (1.1)
	New reference to superalloys and their biomedical applications (1.3)
	Added discussion of engineering plastics and applications in automobiles (1.3.2)
	Added discussion of engineering ceramics and applications (1.3.3)
	Added discussion of composite materials (1.3.4)
	New coverage of smart materials and nanomaterials (1.5)
	New section featuring a simplified case study in selection of materials for the frame and forks of a bicycle (1.6)
	New coverage of amorphous materials was added in chapter 3
	Added references to long and short range order (SRO also known as amorphous materials) (3.1)
	Chapter 4 has been split into chapters 4 and 5 for the fourth edition so diffusion can be covered in a stand-alone chapter
	Coverage of microscopes added to the end of chapter 4
	Added coverage of planar defects and twin boundaries (4.4.3)
	New section on volume defects (4.4.4)
	New section on experimental techniques for identification of microstructure and defects (4.5)
	Added coverage of fine-grained metals and the Hall-Petch equation in chapter 6
	New case study in failure and coverage of recent advances in improving mechanical performance in chapter 7
	Added coverage of failure and fracture of metals (7.1)
	New section on ductile to brittle transition temperature (7.1.4)
	New section on recent advances and future directions in improving the mechanical performance of metals (7.7)
	New coverage of cooling curves in chapter 8
	Added coverage of intermediate compounds (8.11.1)
	Three new sections devoted to advanced alloys and their application in biomedical engineering have been added to chapter 9
	New section devoted to biomedical applications of polymeric materials added to chapter 10
	New section with coverage of bucky balls and carbon nano-tubes (11.2.12)
	New section on ceramic coatings and surface engineering (11.9)
	New section on ceramics in biomedical applications (11.10)
	New section on nanotechnology and ceramics (11.11)
	New section on bone: a natural composite material (12.9)
	New section on hydrogen damage (13.5.11)
	New section on nanoelectronics (14.9)
	New appendix featuring extensive materials properties reference
Other New Features:
	Learning objectives have been added to every chapter
	Icons have been added to highlight the supplemental media resources
	Many new chapter openers and interior photos are included
Retained Features:
	Over 1200 end-of-chapter problems and over 180 materials selection and design problems are offered
	Over 140 example problems
	Modern applications of materials
	A concise, readable style is used throughout; readers are given understandable explanations without excessive detail
Supplements
Student CD-ROM
There is a new student CD-ROM to accompany the fourth edition of Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering featuring a wealth of visualization and study materials.
	Three Virtual Labs, with video, interactive quizzing, and step-by-step real-life processes (with possible pitfalls), are included to better prepare students for the laboratory or serve as a simulation of an actual laboratory experience for students. Lab topics: Measurement of Hardness Using Rockwell Hardness test, Metallography, Tensile Testing.
	An extensive lab manual in PDF and Word formats coordinates with the Virtual Labs.
	MatVis is 2.0 crystal visualization software allows students to create 
different crystal structures and molecules, as well as view already created structures.
	ICENine Phase Diagram software allows students to search a list of phase diagrams and find the composition at any given temperature.
	EES (Engineering Equation Solver) computational software provides students with capability to solve materials science problems.
	Animations cover bonds, bond forces, rotating crystals, atomic packing arrangements, different crystal planes and coordination members, among other topics. Likewise, tutorials with sound are provided.
	Extensive, searchable materials properties database.
	Bonus chapters on òMaterials for MEMS and Microsystems,ó a chapter from Tai-Ran Hsu?s MEMS and Microsystems: Design and Manufacture.
	Numerous web links to professional sites and reference materials
Instructor?s Resource CD-ROM
	Lecture PowerPoint slides with added animations, videos, and images not included in the text
	Text images in Jpeg format
	Solutions manual in PDF and Word formats
	Teaching resources to help instructors incorporate the Virtual Labs and other media into their course
	Lab manual to accompany the Virtual Labs
	Sample syllabi
	Transition guides to help instructors transition from their current text to the fourth edition of Smith/Hashemi
COSMOS CD-ROM for Instructors    The detailed solutions for all text problems are delivered in our new electronic Complete Online Solutions Manual Organization System. COSMOS is a database management tool geared towards assembling homework assignments, tests and quizzes. No longer do instructors need to wade through thick solutions manuals or huge Word files. COSMOS helps them to quickly find solutions, and also keeps a record of problems assigned to avoid duplication in subsequent semesters. Instructors can contact their McGraw-Hill sales representative at www.mhhe.com/catalogs/rep/ to obtain a copy of the COSMOS solutions manual.
Online Learning Center    Web support is provided for the book at the website www.mhhe.com/smithmaterials. Visit this site for book and supplement information, errata, author information, and resources for further study or reference.
Acknowledgments
The co-author, Javad Hashemi, would like to acknowledge the everlasting love, support, encouragement, and guidance of his mother, Sedigheh, throughout the course of his life and career. He dedicates this textbook to her, to the love of his life Eva, to the most precious gifts of his life, Evan and Jonathon, to his siblings, and last but not least to the memory of his father.
	The authors would like to acknowledge with appreciation the numerous and valuable comments, suggestions, constructive criticisms, and praise from the following evaluators and reviewers:
Raul Bargiola, University of Virginia
Deepak Bhat, University of Arkansas
Nigel Browning, University of California, Davis
David Cann, Iowa State University
Nikhilesh Chawla, Arizona State University
Deborah D.L. Chung, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York
James H. Edgar, Kansas State University
Jeffrey W. Fergus, Auburn University
Raymond A. Fournelle, Marquette University
Randall M. German, Penn State University
Stacy Gleixner, San Jose State University
Brian P. Grady, University of Oklahoma
Richard B. Griffin, Texas A&M University
Masanori Hara, Rutgers University
Lee Hornberger, Santa Clara University
Osman T. Inal, New Mexico Tech
Stephen Kampe, Virginia Tech
Ibrahim Karaman, Texas A&M University
Steve Krause, Arizona State University
David Kunz, University of Wisconsin, Platteville
Gladius Lewis, University of Memphis
Robert W. Messler, Jr., Renesselaer Polytechnic Institute
John Mirth, University of Wisconsin, Platteville
Devesh Misra, University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Kay Mortensen, Brigham Young University
David Niebuhr, California Polytechnic State University
Kanji Ono, University of California, Los Angeles
Martin Pugh, Concordia University, Canada
Susil Putatunda, Wayne State University
Lew Rabenberg, University of Texas at Austin
Wayne Reitz, North Dakota State University
James Michael Rigsbee, North Carolina State University
Jay M. Samuel, University of Wisconsin
John Schlup, Kansas State University
Yu-Lin Shen, University of New Mexico
Scott Short, Northern Illinois University
Susan B. Sinnott, University of Florida
Thomas Staley, Virginia Tech
Christopher Steinbruchel, Renesselaer Polytechnic Institute
Alexey Sverdlin, Bradley University
David S. Wilkinson, McMaster University, Canada
Chris Wise, New Mexico State University
Henry Daniel Young, Wright State University
Jiaxon Zhao, Indiana University?Purdue University Fort Wayne
Naveen Chandrashekar?Texas Tech University
Javad Hashemi
Modern materials science topics have been added throughout the text including:
	Smart materials/devices, MEMs and nanomaterials
	Biomedical applications
	Chapter 4 has been split into two chapters to allow diffusion to be covered alone
	Three new sections devoted to advanced alloys and their application in biomedical engineering
	Ceramics coverage has been expanded to include nanotechnology and ceramics
Materials selection and design problems follow the end-of-chapter problems. These problems challenge students to create engineering solutions through materials selection and process design.
Icons have been added to highlight 
the media supplement resources.
Learning Objectives have been added to each chapter to guide students? comprehension of the material.
Instructor?s Resource CD-ROM
Offering a wide range of class preparation and presentation resources, this CD helps instructors to easily transition to Smith/Hashemi?s new edition.
	Lecture PowerPoint slides with added animations, videos, and images not included in the text
	Text images in Jpeg format
	Solutions manual in PDF and Word formats
	Teaching resources to help instructors incorporate the Virtual Labs and other media into their course
	Lab manual to accompany the Virtual Labs
	Sample syllabi
	Transition guides?to help instructors transition from their current text to the 
fourth edition of Smith/Hashemi
Cosmos CD-ROM
This CD, also available to instructors only, provides electronic solutions delivered via our database management tool. McGraw-Hill?s COSMOS is a powerful solutions manual tool to help instructors streamline the creation of assignments, quizzes, and tests by using problems and solutions from the textbook?as well as their own custom material.
Engineering Equation Solver (EES)
EES is a powerful equation solver with built-in functions and property tables for thermodynamic and transport properties as well as automatic unit checking capability. It requires less time than a calculator for data entry and allows more time for thinking critically about modeling and solving engineering problems. While every new copy of our text is packaged with a CD-ROM containing the Limited Academic Version of EES, the full academic version of the EES engine is available free to departments of educational institutions who adopt this text.
Course Management Systems?WebCT 
and Blackboard
With help from our partners, WebCT and Blackboard, professors can take complete control over their course content. These course cartridges also provide online testing and powerful student tracking features.
There is a new student CD-ROM to accompany the fourth edition of Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering. This CD-ROM features a wealth of visualization and study materials.
Virtual Labs
Three Virtual Labs, with video, interactive quizzing, and step-by-step real-life processes (with possible pitfalls), are included to better prepare students for the laboratory or serve as a simulation of an actual laboratory experience for students. Lab topics: Measurement of Hardness Using Rockwell Hardness test, Metallography, Tensile Testing. An extensive lab manual in PDF and Word formats coordinates with the Virtual Labs.
Visualization Software
MatVis 2.0 crystal visualization software allows students to create different crystal structures and molecules, as well as view already created structures. ICENine Phase Diagram software allows students to search a list of phase diagrams and find the composition at any given temperature.
Animations
Animations cover bonds, bond forces, rotating crystals, atomic packing arrangements, different crystal planes and coordination members, among other topics. Likewise, tutorials with sound are provided.
Quizzing
Multiple choice quizzes on atomic numbers/masses, electronic structure, galvanic cell/corrosion, ionic bonding and Rutherford?s Experiment along with FE exam review questions.

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